The Strengths and Weaknesses of Several Definitions of Feminism Essay

The Strengths and Weaknesses of Several Definitions of Feminism - Essay Example Besides, feminism concept is also referred to equal opportunities for women in a society in terms of education, property, and employment among others2. In this regard, Cott (1986) signified that the feminist movements have assisted in providing equal rights as well as justice, within modern society and determining differences in terms of expediency. In this context, feminist movements have aided in building a different cultural order based on certain logic and tradition3. Highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of several definitions of feminism as described by the authors, feminism concepts can be recognized to have assisted women to understand their rights in a society better. On the contrary, several definitions of feminism initiated more negative arguments among the male members regarding women rights in a society, which can be considered as a weakness of the feminist movements. In this context, it can be identified that feminist movements have initiated a privilege for the women to maintain gender equality with male members in the modern civilization. Apart from this, feminist ideologies implied that the dominancy of the female members in a society should have gender equality, whereby feminist theories have assisted female members to attain the desired societal and professional identity4. Similarly, the feminist concept has introduced several legal bindings in the society in order to ensure the women’s rights in terms of property, voting and marriage among others. Moreover, feminist ideologies have offered reproductive rights to the women including the right of abortion and contraceptive., Simultaneously, feminist ideologies have ensured protection towards women concerning matters of violence and sexual harassment, benefitting female members of the society quite impressively.  

Sacramento State Essay Example for Free

Sacramento State Essay For the college fair, my group received Cal State Sacramento. In my group I was student number one. Student number one was to work on what location, size, and environment. I learned that Sacramento State is approximately 7 hours and 32 minutes away from Perris and is almost 453 miles. While working on my category I found out that Sacramento State is located in the capital of California which is Sacramento. Sacramento State has about 24,136 undergraduate students attending. The total of women that attend are 13,825 and they make up 57% of the campus. The overall number of men that attend is around 10,311 making up 43% of the campus. The ethnic breakdown consists of about 43% American, 20% Asian/Pacific, 16% Latino, 7% African American 2% Foreign, 1% American Indian, and 11% make up others. They have a 300-acre campus and a landscaping of 3,000 tress. There are so many interesting facts that I learned about Sacramento State. There are some really nice near by attractions. For example the waterpark Raging Waters as well as the Sacramento Zoo are two near by attractions. Their mascots name is Herky the Hornet and is 60 years old, and there school colors are Green and gold. Some other interesting facts are that the school was founded in 1947. Some of the majors are criminal justice, social sciences, economics, environmental studies, nursing, as well as engineering. The tuition for the people living in California is about $6,573 and out of state is approximately $17,733. In conclusion Sacramento State might have some bad things about but for the most part it’s a pretty good school.

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â€Å"You cannot hinder someone’s free will, that’s the first law of the Universe, no matter what the decision.† ― E.A. Bucchianeri One of the most controversial debates in the United States is abortion. It remains a highly politicized issue based on morality, gender roles, political ideology, personal responsi ¬bility and human rights. Even with increased state restrictions and the anti-choice movement’s efforts to limit abortion, half of unin ¬tended pregnancies in the United States still end in abortion (Mohr, 1979). When discussing abortion it is easy to get lost in your own views whether they are pro-choice or pro-life but ultimately one must remain mindful that though highly debatable; abortion is legal within the United States and it is the women’s choice what they decide to do with their bodies. This quote directly relates to the current Abortion Op-out policy revolving around abortion. The current debate of abortion surrounds around the most recent Affordable Car Act (healthcare reform law) which began under the Obama Administration. The law allows states (through legislation) to prohibit abortion coverage in qualified health plans offered through an exchange. If insurance coverage for abortion is included in a plan in the exchange, a separate premium is required for this coverage paid for by the policyholder. (Bailey, 2011) To this date close to 30 states have passed the Abortion Opt-Out Law and have already began enforcing it or plan to begin in 2014. In Michigan this law was initially vetoed by Governor Synder but later petitioned and will most likely be added to the ballot in November 2014. The enactment of this law has effects on the economy in many different ways. It has the ability to hinder a woman’s decisions when ... ...bortion laws and restrictions pro-choice are fighting to destroy those laws and restriction. It is a constant ongoing political battle for pro-choice and pro-life supporters as there will always be conflict regarding the issue. Conclusion All in all, it takes a lot of effort to evoke social change and make social policies. It takes the support of social movement organizations, political legislators, and community activist. Together they all look at the effects the policy would have on the economy and the individuals. When it comes to Abortion Opt-Out it has been founded that many American’s are in support of the law and while they do support abortion they do not wish public funds to pay for it. Though the restrictive laws are tedious and cumbersome the outcomes of the children who are born into families that want them ultimately have positive outcomes later in life.

lifes little traffic lights :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Life’s Little Traffic Lights I love it, life is so crazy. I’ve always said if it isn’t going to bother me in three to five years, then I’m not going to worry about it now, then I come across what I like to refer to as a â€Å"traffic light† you know, those little situations and encounters that make you stop and reminisce about a time and place that you left behind so long ago, deep in the folds of your memory, and the sudden slap of reality that makes you stop and look around and think what’s different?, what’s changed?, and what path has brought me here? You see a â€Å"traffic light is like a memory, better than a picture, it’s a feeling you get deep inside. A sudden sense of knowing exactly who you are and why, often times all in the depths of a single moment. Still confused? Here’s an example†¦ It’s a fairly brisk day in January of 2002, brisk enough to turn my flesh slightly purple in spots where I’m scarred or bruised, I walk into the dry cleaners after a short work day, to pick up the pants that have been sitting there for about three weeks (I seem to have the memory of a gold fish and the attention span of a fruit fly). Of course I’m in a big damn hurry even though I have no where in particular to be and nothing in my near future has been marked urgent (it’s just the sense of urgency that makes whatever it is that I’m doing seem so much more important than what it really is) I encounter a motherly looking middle-aged Native American woman, who in just a smile seems kind and warm enough to pull me from myself and set me back into the reality of my objective. She doesn’t know it but she’s about to take me for my last $15, but damn I really want to wear those pants tonight. She looks up as she hands me my receipt and very po litely asks me with a wonderful note of concern in her voice â€Å" your nose it looks bruised, did something happen to it?, having heard this question what seems like a thousand times during the winter months, I give her my standard answer, â€Å" oh, yes I broke it a couple of years ago, and the mark always shows when its cold outside† â€Å"won’t it ever go away?

Increasing Physical Activity In Adults Health And Social Care Essay

Physical therapy is a profession that provides the best possible attention to all people irrespective of socioeconomic position ( SES ) . Volunteering at St. Clare ‘s Mission in La Crosse, Wisconsin ( a physical therapy resource for those unable to afford traditional wellness attention services ) has given us a first-hand glance of the demand for health care services for people of low SES. The attention provided at this clinic was the best possible with the resources available, nevertheless the volume of attention was non equal to manage the high demand for services. After speaking with old pupils who have initiated an exercising plan at the local Salvation Army in La Crosse, Wisconsin, and join forcesing with module who have helped ease plans for people of low SES, it is apparent that a high demand exists for supplying instruction and physical attention for this population. The intent of our public wellness enterprise is to set up a primary and secondary bar plan which improve s overall wellness by increasing physical activity in persons of lower SES in the La Crosse country.Role of the Physical TherapistPrimary and Secondary PreventionThe Guide to Physical Therapist Practice provinces that physical therapy attention consists of primary, secondary, and third care.1 Our wellness enterprise will concentrate on primary and secondary attention. Primary bar is defined as the bar of a disease in populations that are at hazard for the pathological development.1 The Guide to Physical Therapy Practice recommends enterprises, wellness publicity, and instruction as a few ways in which this can be completed.1 Health showings, biomechanical appraisals, and educational workshops are merely a few ways that physical healers can educate the populace on the factors of disease hazard, and what they can make to assist forestall disease. As physical therapy pupils, we plan on prosecuting in primary bar by utilizing our cognition of physical activity, exercising prescription, biomechanics, and physiology to educate and teach at hazard grownups so they can diminish their opportunities of developing a pathology. Secondary bar is defined as helping those who suffer from a pathology by cut downing the continuance and badness of their symptoms and assisting to forestall any farther complications.1 While these populations will non be specifically recruited, it is likely that we will be working with participants at the Salvation Army who have preexistent conditions. The Salvation Army provides services for people enduring from diseases related to physical inaction such as type II diabetes, coronary arteria disease, chest malignant neoplastic disease and obesity.2 We plan on increasing physical activity in these persons to assist cut down the badness of these diseases. Secondary bar can besides be enforced for individuals who have conditions such as pre-diabetes and pre-hypertension, as they would besides profit from an aerophilic fittingness plan. Through exerting and educating the participants in our plan, we will turn to these populations and aid to forestall new disease development, and dimini sh the badness of bing diseases utilizing a bi-weekly exercising plan. We will besides pattern secondary bar by placing wellness issues through our showing tools, and mentioning them to the proper topographic point such as St. Clare ‘s Health Mission.SubjectBrief Overview of the ProblemPhysical inaction is an increasing tendency in the United States. It has been associated with a reduced quality of life every bit good as an increased prevalence of several diseases.3 These diseases can potentially be avoided with increased aerophilic exercising and the turning away of other hazard factors. Behavioral hazard factors such as physical inaction, hapless diet, smoke, and inordinate imbibing are the prima causes of decease in the United States.4 It is our hope as physical therapy pupils that by aiming physical inaction, one constituent of these behavioural hazard factors that is within our range of pattern, we can get down to cut down the negative impact it is holding on the general population.How the authorities is supervisingSeveral studies are utilized at a national degree to roll up informations related to physical activity. The Center for Disease Control has been instrumental in roll uping this information through the usage of the National Health Interview Survey, Health Related Quality of Life Survey, and Chronic Disease Indicator Survey among others. The National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion is another advocate for the aggregation of informations sing wellness hazard behaviours and preventive attention patterns. It consists of nine divisions working towards bettering wellness by forestalling chronic diseases and their hazard factors.5 These studies produce comparative statistics of assorted wellness hazard factors such as BMI, yearss of physical activity per hebdomad, SES, geographical location, and age groups. The corporate findings from these surveies suggest that a big proportion of the American populace does non accompli sh sufficient physical activity for wellness benefits. Healthiest Wisconsin 2020 is the province wellness plan which requires the Wisconsin Department of Health Services to build a public wellness docket for the province every 10 years.6 One of the focal points of this program is to supervise and describe advancement in accomplishing the ends and aims as outlined by the execution program of Healthiest Wisconsin 2020. Telephone administered and mailed studies are the primary manners of rating. For illustration, these studies were used to place people who have a BMI of & gt ; 30 among two groups ( age 15-18, 19 and or older ) . These groups were so followed between the old ages of 2000 and 2007 to find physical activity levels.4 Information on physical activity was collected from the undermentioned beginnings: Wisconsin Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Wisconsin Youth Risk Behavior Survey, and Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction.PT ‘s Role in Increasing Physical ActivityThe G uide to Physical Therapy Practice provinces that physical healers are qualified to help and learn a community inaugural plan turn toing increasing aerophilic physical activity in the grownup population.1 Exercise prescription and direction falls within the range of pattern for physical healers ; It is our duty to advance physical activity in appropriate populations given the copiousness of grounds for its support.1 By implementing a community plan that targets sedentary grownups of low SES, we are supplying primary and secondary bar for hazards such as diabetes, bosom disease, and high blood force per unit area.Background and RationaleHappening of Physical InactivityThe rate of inaction in America is dismaying with 52 % of the population non even sing 30 proceedingss of moderate physical activity a day.7 Furthermore, 23.9 % of Americans reported that they had non engaged in physical activity during the last month.8 Physical inaction tends to be more prevailing in the southern United States ; nevertheless degrees of physical inaction are unsatisfactory in northern United States every bit good. In Wisconsin entirely, 22.7 % of occupants considers themselves to be in hapless or just wellness, with 17.4 % of WI occupants describing limited activity due in portion to physical problems.4 Upwards of 24 % of the province did non take part in leisure-time physical activity of any sort during the twelvemonth 2010.8 At a local degree, 19.3 % of La Crosse county occupants were reported as being physically inactive, comparing to 16,110 occupants as of 2008.9 This suggests that greater than 80 % of La Crosse county occupants reported themselves as physically active, nevertheless, this does non intend that they are run intoing the ACSM guidelines for moderate activity degree that are recommended for disease hazard reduction.3 It is clear that physical inaction is an increasing tendency, and although people may see themselves as active, they may non be run intoing sufficient activity degrees to diminish disease hazard.MortalityPatel et Al. found that females who spent longer than six hours sitting per twenty-four hours had a comparative hazard for all-cause mortality of 1.37 ( 1 decease per 74 person-years ) , whereas males in the same class had a comparative hazard ( RR ) of 1.18 ( 1 decease per 45 person-years ) . Females and males who spent between nothing and three hours per twenty-four hours sitting each had a RR for all-cause mortality of 1.00 ( Females: 1 decease per 150 person-years ; Males: 1 decease per 74 person-years ) . This same survey assessed physical activity degree in MET-hours/week and its influence on all-cause mortality rate. Females and males who performed less than 17.5 MET-hours/week of exercising each had a RR for all-cause mortality of 1.00 ( Females: 1 decease per 93 person-years ; Males: 1 decease per 53 person-years ) . Females who performed 31.5-42 MET-hours/week of exercising had a RR of.78 ( 1 decease per 123 person-years ) , while males in this class had a RR of.88 ( 1 decease per 58 individual old ages ) .10 The findings of this article imply that longer clip spent sitting each twenty-four hours resulted in a higher happening of mortality for both males and females. Furthermore, higher degrees of physical activity per hebdomad were associated with a lower mortality rate for both genders.ImpactConsequences of Physical InactivityPhysical inaction has been linked to a figure of pathologies such as high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus type 2, osteoporosis11, cardiovascular/respiratory diseases12, and bosom attacks.3 In add-on, low degrees of physical activity were correlated with negative physiological effects such as increased organic structure weight, organic structure mass index ( BMI ) , waist-to-hip ratio, cholesterin degrees in work forces, and a lessening in insulin levels.13 The happening of these effects is lower in more active populations, hence physical activity is prescribed as a prevent ive step for diminishing mortality, morbidity, and the hazard of disease acquisition.3,12 For this ground, activity degree criterions were developed by the American College of Sports Medicine ( ACSM ) which aim to steer physical activity programs.3 At the national degree wellness and health has been pushed to the head due to healthcare reform, and it is frequently hindered by a deficiency of physical activity and hapless diet. The increasing prevalence of fleshiness in the United States has been linked in portion to these same factors. In 2010, 35.7 % of American citizens were considered obese.14 Fortunately, important lessenings in organic structure fat have occurred through diet and moderate exercising in comparing to other weight loss techniques.12 The province of WI has done ill in this respect, with 22.9 % of occupants prosecuting in no leisure clip physical activity.6 Furthermore, persons who reported small to no aerophilic exercising or greater clip between everyday medical screen had increased likeliness of holding 14 or more unhealthy yearss per year.15 It is reported that these persons rate themselves as holding hapless wellness compared to those who exercised and had regular wellness screenings.15 These statistics ov erpoweringly support the demand to convert those with a sedentary life styles to increase their physical activity degrees to better their wellness and prevent negative effects.Hazard Factors and Determinants for Physical InactivityNon-modifiable Hazard FactorsThere are several determiners and hazard factors that are associated with physical activity in grownups. Non-modifiable hazard factors include gender, age, ethnicity, and instruction degree. Gender and age are the two most consistent demographic ( non-modifiable ) correlatives of physical activity behaviour in adults.16 In footings of gender, work forces ( 52.1 % ) are more likely than adult females ( 42.6 % ) to run into the 2008 Physical Activity Guideline for aerophilic activity.4 This may be due to traditional gender functions where adult females have less free clip to exert due to their caretaking function within the household. Younger grownups are more likely to run into the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for aerophili c activity than older grownups. This disagreement may be due to the younger grownup population holding fewer co-morbidities. Harmonizing to the Center for Disease Control, more non-Hispanic white grownups ( 22.8 % ) meet the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for aerophilic and muscle-strengthening activity than non-Hispanic black grownups ( 17.3 % ) and Latino grownups ( 14.4 % ) .8 Although there are multiple grounds for this, one may be due to differences in degree of income between the ethnicities which determine physical activity chances every bit good as the sum of available leisure clip for exercising. Finally, grownups with more instruction are more likely to run into the 2008 Physical Activity Guideline for aerophilic activity than grownups with less education.3Modifiable Hazard FactorsThe list of modifiable hazard factors associated with physical activity in grownups is much more extended than non-modifiable hazard factors. These hazard factors, which negatively influence p hysical activity in grownups, include low SES, hapless self-efficacy, low degrees of instruction, being overweight, and decreased societal support.2 Socioeconomic position and perceived self-efficacy demonstrated the strongest and most consistent associations with physical activity behavior.2,17,18,19 A deficiency of fiscal stableness has been linked to reduced physical activity, every bit good as more unhealthy weight control.20 The Center for Disease Control suggests that grownups whose household income is above the poorness degree are more likely to run into the 2008 Physical Activity Guideline for aerophilic activity than grownups whose household income is at or near the poorness level.8 It has besides been determined that adult females of lower SES perform significantly lower ( p & lt ; .0001 ) sums of physical activity per hebdomad than those of higher SES. Interestingly, work forces of both lower and higher SES take part in the same sum of physical activity per hebdomad, nevertheless those of higher SES performed significantly more leisure clip physical activity.17 Self-efficacy for physical activity is described as a individual ‘s assurance in his or her ability to be physically active. Oman and King looked at the influence of self-efficacy perceptual experiences in a cohort of healthy sedentary work forces and adult females between the ages of 50 and 64, and found that among those take parting in a supervised home-based activity plan, baseline self-efficacy perceptual experiences significantly predicted exercising attachment after a two twelvemonth follow-up.18 In a meta-analysis conducted by Haggar et al. , it was concluded that the attitudes about behaviour and self-efficacy were finding factors of whether or non an person will take part in physical activity ; lower self-efficacy is the biggest forecaster in non take parting in physical activity.19 In footings of instruction, grownups with high school school instruction were about i ¬?ve times less likely to take part in physical activity as those with a college instruction. Among individuals older than 44 old ages, the lowest educated group was about 2.5 times more likely to be sedentary than individuals who had i ¬?nished higher vocational schooling or university.21 Obesity is another modifiable hazard factor that has been systematically correlated with a deficiency of physical activity.10 A deficiency of activity or a sedentary life style has been shown to be one of the cardinal subscribers to the development of fleshiness when all other confounding factors are controlled. Patel et Al. found that those passing more clip sitting had an increased hazard for the development of fleshiness every bit good as an increased hazard of mortality.10 Low societal support has systematically emerged as an of import negative correlative with physical activity. Leslie et Al found that people describing low degrees of societal support from household or friends were 23-55 % more likely to be less active than were those with high degrees of support.23 The U.S. Women ‘s Determinants Study found that adult females with high degrees of societal support for physical activity were about twice every bit likely to be active at least 30 proceedingss on five or more yearss a hebdomad than adult females with low degrees of societal support.24 Booth et Al. found that holding friends who participated on a regular basis in physical activity and holding a safe topographic point to exert were significantly associated with regular physical activity.25 King et Al. found that often detecting others exercising was positively associated with physical activity participation.26 By implementing schemes which target the modifiable hazard factors listed a bove, which will assist better physical activity degrees in these persons.InterventionsLiterature ReviewA thorough reappraisal of the literature was done to find the most effectual intercession schemes for increasing physical activity, and cut downing wellness related hazard factors among grownups of low SES. The hunt yielded a figure of relevant articles for intercessions to increase physical activity including the usage of laic person-led aerophilic exercising plans, the usage of feedback to arouse alterations in behaviour, increasing the participants ‘ self-efficacy, usage of function theoretical accounts, patient instruction and barrier elimination.27,28 Lamb et Al. found that volunteer-led walking groups resulted in a higher proportion of participants than a group that received exercise advice.29 A survey mensurating alterations in self-reported exercising behaviour found that the group having exercising advice and direction had a higher figure of topics describing 150 pr oceedingss of activity than a walking group and advice merely group.30 Hagger et Al. found that people ‘s attitudes, perceived behavioural control and self-efficacy are cardinal influences in organizing purposes to take part in physical activity.19 See Appendix Literature Review Matrix In order to use these schemes we will be taking a multi-faceted attack which aims to integrate each method throughout the plan. Our plan will be an instructor-led exercising plan with an accent on educating the patients on exercising, and learning them an easy-to-learn plan that they can execute on their ain to heighten self-efficacy. By using the Salvation Army of La Crosse, we will extinguish a important barrier for people of low SES by supplying a free exercising installation.Application of Learning TheorySocial Cognitive Theory and Self-EfficacyThe Social Cognitive Theory is a behavioural alteration theory which focuses on self-efficacy, or the belief in oneself to execute a undertaking. This theory serves as the model about which we are structuring our plan ( See Appendix Application of Theory to Practice ) . The Social Cognitive Theory emphasizes self-efficacy every bit good as the personal and environmental barriers that limit alteration. Its foundation is centered around the thought that persons must hold assurance that they can successfully execute a undertaking in order for behavior alteration to occur.28 In add-on to self-efficacy, the person must value the alteration that is being made before they invest themselves to the full in the task.28 Incentivizing the undertaking is one method that can be used to top out the topics involvement in finishing the task.28 Improved self-efficacy has been shown to decrease the perceptual experience of one ‘s disease badness or disability.31 Therefore, if self-efficacy can be improved, the perceptual experience of one ‘s disablement may besides be improved. Improved self-efficacy has besides been linked to successful behaviour alteration, and multiple schemes to heighten self-efficacy can be found in the literature. One scheme for bettering self-efficacy is public presentation attainment, which is the act of accomplishing proficiency with a undertaking through engagement and experience with the undertaking. Application of this scheme suggests that failures should be viewed as larning experiences.32 Vicarious experience is another agency of bettering self-efficacy which entails detecting another person who is exhibiting the coveted behaviour that the topic is working towards.32 This provides the scholar with assurance that the coveted alteration can happen, while besides supplying a safe envir onment in which to larn. Verbal persuasion is a scheme that focuses on a trusty single educating the topic in order to increase their apprehension of the behaviour that they exhibit.32Trusting the beginning of information, with regard to skill and expertness, has a important influence on self-efficacy. Another method for heightening self-efficacy is the usage of physiological feedback.32 Raising the participants ‘ consciousness to both positive and negative effects associated with behavior alteration allows them to better prepare for engagement, and it has besides been shown to better self-efficacy.32 Enhancing self-efficacy has been shown to rush behavior alteration. We have the possible to arouse such alterations by implementing these schemes in our community health undertaking. We will turn to public presentation attainment by teaching the topics in each facet of our exercising plan, which will let them to derive assurance in those activities. We will utilize reverting exercising plan members every bit good as ourselves to supply participants with a theoretical account of proper exercising behaviour in order to implement the vicarious experience scheme. Patient instruction will function as verbal persuasion, and we will besides use educational booklets to convert the participants of the plan ‘s importance. Last, each of us will be resources to supply single feedback to participants and educate them on what they can anticipate throughout the plan so that they can mentally fix for behavioural alteration. The Social Cognitive Theory has been successfully applied to healthcare every bit good as exercising behavior.33 It can be straight applied to our plan to help the participants in altering their behaviour and to give us a model with which to steer that alteration. Project Justification & A ; AimsProblem StatementPhysical inaction is an increasing tendency in the United States which has been associated with a reduced quality of life every bit good as an increased prevalence of a figure of diseases.3 These diseases can potentially be avoided with increased aerophilic exercising and the turning away of other behavioural hazard factors. Behavioral hazard factors such as physical inaction, hapless diet, smoke, and inordinate imbibing are the prima causes of decease in the United States.4 It is our hope that by aiming physical inaction, we can cut down the negative impact it is holding on the general population.Specific Community NeedsPhysical inaction degrees are alarmingly high at both the province and local degrees. Upwards of 24 % of Wisconsin occupants did non take part in leisure-time physical activity of any sort during the twelvemonth 2010.8 Locally, 19.3 % of La Crosse county occupants were reported to be physically inactive, comparing to a sum of 16,110 occupants as of 2008.9Negative Consequences if Nothing is DoneIt is apparent that grownups of low SES have become a ignored population in our health care system. The federal authorities has proposed policies that strive to do health care accessible to the this population, nevertheless these policies would non take action until 2014 at the earliest, if ever.34 Based on our current health care it can merely be assumed that grownups of low SES will go on to be denied wellness attention based on their inability to pay for services. Unfortunately, this creates a form in which grownups with low SES have the poorest wellness position and yet have the least entree to healthcare.35 Due to the length of clip it takes for federal action to happen, community enterprises like ours may assist extenuate some wellness attention defects. On a local degree, low-cost and accessible wellness attention options need to be accessible on a primary, secondary, and third degree. Adults of low SES demand to be able to seek intervention for active pathologies, every bit good as have resources and instruction that will assist them avoid pathological conditions to better their quality of life. If wellness enterprises like ours are non established, the low SES will go on to be at hazard for physical inaction and the myriad of diseases associated with this. Introduction to Our Undertaking The intent of our plan is to supply an accessible primary and secondary bar wellness option to grownups of low SES who reside in the La Crosse country, with the primary end of increasing physical activity through wellness instruction and exercising direction. In conformity with Healthy People 2020, this plan ‘s intent is to increase the proportion of persons who engage in aerobic and beef uping exercisings in sufficient measure to accomplish wellness benefits by set uping a physical activity plan that was accessible to people of low SES of the La Crosse country. Another intent of this plan is to increase the figure of community-based organisations supplying population-based primary bar services for physical activity. These aims are outlined in Healthy People 2020 objectives PA-2.1, PA-2.3, and ECBP 10.9 ( See Appendix Healthy People 2020 ) . This plan will put a strong accent on self-efficacy, increasing the sum of physical activity participants engage in per hebdomad, and bettering outcome outlooks. To find the effectivity of our plan, three primary aims were established: foremost, to increase the self-efficacy of grownups of low SES, 2nd to increase volume of physical activity in grownups of low SES, and 3rd to increase expected results of take parting in physical activity. The secondary aim of our plan is to increase the likeliness of this population to go on to be physically active by developing a program for sustainability. This plan will turn to the Healthy People 2020 aims outlined by supplying a bi-weekly exercising plan with focal points on wellness instruction and direction on aerophilic and strengthening exercisings for people of low SES.Objective 1Our first aim is to increase self-efficacy in persons with low SES ; a population that has been identified as holding low self-efficacy.18 In this scene, self-effic acy is described as a individual ‘s assurance in his or her ability to successfully be physically active. Low self-efficacy has been identified as being a barrier for persons who desire behavior change.28 It has been reported that if participants do non believe that they can successfully carry through the alteration in behaviour, they will non try to change.28 Oman and King researched the influence of self-efficacy perceptual experiences in a cohort of healthy sedentary work forces and adult females between the ages of 50 and 64, and found that among those take parting in a supervised home-based activity plan, baseline self-efficacy perceptual experiences significantly predicted exercising attachment after a two twelvemonth follow-up.18 As physical therapy pupils, educating sedentary patients on non merely the benefits of exercising, but how to exert may take to increased degrees of self-efficacy and physical activity in our patients. In this plan, we will mensurate exercising related self-efficacy before and after engagement in an teacher led physical activity plan. Self-efficacy will be measured utilizing the Barriers to Self-Efficacy Scale. It was ab initio developed for outpatient exercising plans, and has demonstrated dependability ( alpha coefficient =0.93 ) and cogency ( efficacy outlooks significantly correlated with existent engagement in exercising plans ) for sedentary adults.36 It will let us to obtain self-efficacy informations at baseline and upon completion of the exercising plan to find the effectivity of our schemes.Objective 2The 2nd aim of our plan is to increase the volume of physical activity of the participants through a group based physical activity plan. The ACSM criterions for the sum of activity grownups need to take part in to see improved cardiovascular and aerophilic wellness is 30 proceedingss a twenty-four hours of moderate activity on 5 or more yearss a week.2,3 By supplying a free exercising plan two times a hebdomad, participants will hold an chance to increase their volume of physical activity. They will besides larn successful schemes to exert independently outside of our plan to let them to carry through the ACSM criterions. To help in increasing conformity to our bi-weekly plan, a societal support constituent will be addressed by holding a group exercising category consisting of frequenters of the Salvation Army. This will let the participants to exert with familiar people which may ease engagement. Social support has systematically emerged as an of import positive correlative with physical activity. Leslie et Al. determined that people describing low degrees of societal support from household or friends were 23-55 % more likely to be less active than were those with high degrees of support.23 Social support and instruction may non be sufficient to accomplish the coveted sum of physical activity in the transeunt population at the Salvation Army, so a 3rd scheme will be employed to better plan attending: Provide incentives for plan engagement such as a free jersey awarded to those who engage in 50 % , or 10 of the Sessionss. It has been found that supplying inducements to exert increased exercising plan attending in the short term and led to greater care of that activity over a period of two years.22 The combination of instruction, societal support and inducements will increase attachment to the plan, and therefore, increase the sum of participant ‘s physical activity per hebdomad. The sum of increased activity per hebdomad by participants will be measured at baseline and at completion of the plan utilizing the Physical Activity Scale ( PAS 2 ) . This scale measures the participants day-to-day physical activity while at work, and during leisure clip and has been shown to be valid in an grownup population.37 To find cogency, the PAS 2 was compared to the PAS 1 and a strong positive correlativity ( r= .95, P & lt ; 0.0001 ) was found between PAS 1 and PAS 2 scores.37 The PAS 2 has been found to be more valid than the PAS 1, which may hold overestimated physical activity. For this ground, the PAS 2 will be used to measure alteration in exercising volume and wonts over the class of the plan.Objective 3Our 3rd aim is to increase expected physical activity results in our mark population. Physical result outlooks reflect beliefs about pleasant and aversive physical experiences ensuing from battle in physical activity.38 The Multidimensional Outcome Expectations for Ex ercise Scale ( MOEES ) is a patient completed questionnaire measuring physical activity, self-efficacy, and wellness position. Wojcicki et Al found that being more active was significantly correlated with stronger physical result outlook tonss on the MOEES in both middle-aged and older grownups. The graduated table ‘s dependability and cogency allows us to better understand and predict physical activity behaviour in adults.38 Wojcicki et Al. found that increased activity was significantly correlated with stronger physical ( r = .21, P & lt ; .001 ) and self-evaluative ( r = .20, P & lt ; .001 ) but non societal result outlooks ( R = .02, P = N ) . Higher self-efficacy was besides found to be significantly associated with physical ( r = .22, P & lt ; .001 ) , self-evaluative ( r = .26, P & lt ; .001 ) , and societal result outlooks ( R = .17, P & lt ; .001 ) .38Secondary AimThe secondary aim for this plan is to develop a program that is sustainable and can be implemented by per sons with lesser sums of preparation than a physical therapy pupil. Previous exercising plan supervisors of the Salvation Army have suggested that an exercising plan manual be created to supply a construction for future plans to heighten sustainability. We created an exercising manual with exposures, exercising forms, and stretches from our plan. A manual of this kind will be a sufficient resource for a replacement to understand and administrate. See Appendix Workout Manual To assist mensurate the sustainability of our exercising plan, we will roll up informations utilizing a likert graduated table to measure participant satisfaction and likeliness of engagement in the hereafter. In add-on, we will give a study to find what the participants liked or disliked about the plan. Undertaking ExecutionCommunity PartnerWe plan to work with the Salvation Army of La Crosse, Wisconsin to supply an exercising plan for persons of low SES. The Salvation Army provides repasts, shelter, occupation chances, and several other services for those in demand. Partnering with the Salvation Army will let us to utilize an accessible installation with a secondary school for our exercising category. It will besides assist us derive entree to the persons of low socioeconomic position who utilize the Salvation Army. See Appendix Salvation Army of La Crosse Contact InformationTarget GroupOur mark group will dwell of grownup occupants and frequenters of the Salvation Army every bit good as any other community members who wish to take part in our plan. We will enroll participants by traveling to the Salvation Army in January 2013 to speak to the frequenters about our exercising plan to get down edifice involvement. Once we begin our plan we will eat repasts with the persons at the Sal vation Army to acquire to cognize them and to get down constructing resonance to ease enlisting. We besides have arranged to work together with a Viterbo Nursing Program enterprise at the Salvation Army to help in advancing our plan. Finally, we will go to the Salvation Army ‘s compulsory hebdomadal occupation in-service meeting for its frequenters to educate and enroll participants for the plan. If these methods are unsuccessful, we will advance our exercising plan through the usage of circulars at pro bono clinics in the country, such as St. Clare ‘s Health Mission, in order to enroll persons of low SES for our exercising plan. See Appendix Health and Wellness BrochureIncentivesWe plan to utilize free jerseies as an inducement to take part for our plan. Incentive-based wellness publicities plans have been shown to increase fitness-related activities over time.22 Participants in our plan who attend 50 % or more of our categories over the 10-week continuance of our plan will have a free jersey. The cost of 25 jerseies is about $ 250. We will seek any possible contributions or price reductions on the jerseies by informing the provider of our intended usage for the shirts. We will besides be inquiring for contributions on day-to-day usage points ( shampoo, deodourant, socks, etc. ) from local concerns such as Wal-mart and K-mart to utilize as inducements throughout our plan.Activity PlanWe plan to get at the Salvation Army on Monday February 4, 2013 at 4:30 p.m. to get down speaking with the frequenters about our plan. We will eat dinner from 4:30 p.m. to 5:10 p.m. and recruit participants for our plan through conversation. We will clean up the multi-purpose from 5:10 p.m. to 5:15p.m. Our exercising plan will run from 5:20 p.m. to 6:05 p.m. with clean-up from 6:05 p.m. to 6:15 p.m. This consequences in a sum of 1 hr and 45 of face clip for each category and 3.5 entire hours per hebdomad. Over the class of the 10 hebdomad plan we will hold completed 3 5 hours of face clip at the Salvation Army ( See Appendix Salvation Army Activity Plan Schedule ) . Our end is to make an exercising manual that is comparatively easy to learn and execute so that voluntaries at the Salvation Army can run the plan with comparative easiness. Besides, by making a exercise manual with one modus operandi of exercisings, the participants can larn and execute the exercisings outside of the Salvation Army one time they no longer use the services of the Salvation Army. Our exercising plan will dwell of both aerophilic and strengthening constituents. The strength and aerophilic parts of our plan will dwell of 30 proceedingss of theraband, organic structure weight opposition, and assorted exercisings aiming the whole organic structure. Both constituents of the plan will dwell of exercisings that can be easy progressed or regressed to run into the assorted degrees of fittingness of our participants. We will get down our exercising plan with a 5 minute warm up of walking and dynamic stretching, and will reason with a 10 minute cool down of walking and stretching Resource Plan & A ; Budget The Salvation Army allows us to utilize a installation that is free of cost to us and the participants of our plan. As antecedently mentioned, we will utilize jerseies and day-to-day necessities as inducements. Cost of these and other possible supplies for our plan are listed in the tabular array below.ItemCostJerseies$ 250Daily necessity ItemsContributionsCleaning supplies ( perchance )$ 20Plants Cited American Physical Therapy Association. Guide to Physical Therapist Practice 2nd Edition. APTA: Alexandria, VA ; 2003. Topic and Objectives Index- Physical Activity. US Department of Health and Human Services. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.healthypeople.gov/2020/default.aspx. Accessed Sep 17, 2012. Thompson W, Gordon N, Pescatello L, eds. ACSM ‘s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 8th erectile dysfunction. Wolters Kluwer/ Lippincott WIlliams & A ; Wilkins ; 2010. Surveillance of Certain Health Behaviors and Conditions Among States and Selected Local Areas — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System ( BRFSS ) , United States, 2006. MMWR: Morbidity & A ; Mortality Weekly Report. 2008 ; 57 ( SS-7 ) :1-187. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Physical Activity and Health- A study from the Surgeon General. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/sgr/pdf/chap6.pdf. Accessibility verified November 1, 2012. Healthiest Wisconsin 2020 Focus Areas. Wisconsin Department of Health Services. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //dhs.wisconsin.gov/hw2020/ . Accessed September 26, 2012. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Facts about Physical Activity. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/data/facts.html. Reviewed August 7, 2012. Accessed September 26, 2012. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. State Indicator Report on Physical Activity. 2010.http: //www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/downloads/PA_State_Indicator_Report_2010.pdf. Accessed September 25, 2012. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Diabetes and Obesity Rate by County hypertext transfer protocol: //diabetes-obesity.findthedata.org/d/d/Wisconsin. Accessed September 25, 2012. Patel A, Bernstein L, Thun M, et Al. Leisure Time Spent Siting in Relation to Total Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of US Adults. Am. J. Of Epidemiol. 2010 ; 172 ( 4 ) :419-429.A 11. ) Andrea KM, Sandler RB, Cauley JA, Laporte R E, Hom DL, Pambianco G. The appraisal of historical physical activity and its relation to adult bone parametric quantities. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1988 ; 127 ( 5 ) :1053-1063. 12. ) Milanovic Z, Pantelic S, Trajkovic N, Sporis G, Aleksandrovic M. The effects of physical exercising on cut downing organic structure weight and organic structure composing of corpulent centers aged people. Healthmed. 2012 ; 6 ( 6 ) :2176-2189. 13. ) Steyn K, Damasceno A, Disease and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. 2nd edition. Jamison DT, Feachem RG, Makgoba MW, et al. , editors. Washington ( DC ) : World Bank ; 2006. 14. ) Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of fleshiness in the United States, 2009-2010. NCHS information brief, no 82. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2012. 15. ) Davies C, Vandelanotte C, Duncan M, Van Uffelen J. Associations of physical activity and screen-time on wellness related quality of life in grownups. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2012 ; 55 ( 1 ) :46-49. 16. ) Trost SG, Owen N, Bauman AE, et Al. Correlates of grownup ‘s engagement in physical activity reappraisal and update. Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc. 2002 ; 34:1996-2001. 17. ) Ford E, Merritt R, Haile G, et Al. Physical activity behaviours in lower and higher socioeconomic position populations. Am. J. Epidemiology. June 15, 1991 ; 133 ( 12 ) :1246-1256. 18. ) Oman RF, King AC. Predicting the acceptance and care of exercising engagement utilizing self-efficacy and old exercising engagement rates. Am. J. Health Prom. 1998 ; 12:154-161. 19. ) Hagger M, Chatzisarantis N, Biddle S. A meta-analytic reappraisal of the theories of sound action and planned behaviour in physical activity: prognostic cogency and the part of extra variables. J. Sport & A ; Ex. Psych. 2002 ; 24 ( 1 ) :3-32. 20. ) VanKim N, Laska M. Socioeconomic disparities in emerging grownup weight and weight behaviours. Am. J. Health Behav. 2012 ; 36 ( 4 ) :433-445. 21. ) Droomers M, Schrijvers CTM, Mackenbach JP. Educational degree and lessenings in leisure clip physical activity: forecasters from the longitudinal GLOBE survey. J Epidemiol. Community Healt. 2001 ; 55:562-568. 22. ) Patel D, Lambert E, Gaziano T, et Al. Engagement in Fitness-Related Activities of an Incentive-Based Health Promotion Program and Hospital Costss: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study. Amer. J. Healt. Prom. 2011 ; 25 ( 5 ) :341-348. 23. ) Leslie E, Owen N, Salmon J, Bauman A, Sallis JF, Lo SK. Insufficiently active Australian college pupils: perceived personal, societal, and environmental influences. Prev. Med. 1999 ; 28:20-27. 24. ) Eyler AA, Brownson RC, Donatelle RJ, King AC, Brown D, Sallis JF. Physical activity societal support and middle- and older-aged minority adult females: consequences from a US study. Soc. Sci. Med. 1999 ; 49:871-789. 25. ) Booth M, Owen N, Bauman A, Clavisi O, Leslie E. Social-cognitive and perceived environment influences associated with physical activity in older Australians. Prev. Med. 2000 ; 31:15-22. 26. ) King AC, Castro S, Wilcox AA, Eyler JF, Sallis C, Brownson RC. Personal and environmental factors associated with physical inaction among different racial-ethnic groups of US middle-aged and older aged grownups. Health Psychol. 2000 ; 19:354-364. 27. ) Bandura A. Social foundations of idea and action: A societal cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall series in societal acquisition theory. Rockville, MD: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ; 1986. 28. ) Lowenstein AJ, Foord L, Romano JC. Teaching Schemes for Health Education and Health Promotion: Working with Patients, Families, and Communities. 1st erectile dysfunction. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers ; 2008. 29. ) Lamb, Bartlett, Ashley, Bird. Can Lay-led Walking Programs Increase Physical Activity in Middle Aged Adults? A Randomized Control Trial. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2002 Apr ; 56 ( 4 ) :246-52. 30. ) Isaacs AJ, Critchley JA, Tai SS, Buckingham K, Westley D, Harridge SDR, Smith C, Gottlieb JM. Exercise Evaluation Randomized Trial ( EXERT ) : a randomised test comparing GP referral for leisure centre-based exercising, community-based walking and advice merely. Health Technol Assess. 2007 ; 11 ( 10 ) :1. 31. ) Dallow CB, Anderson. Using self-efficacy and a transtheoretical theoretical account to develop a physical activity intercession for corpulent adult females. AJHP. 2003 ; ( 17 ) :373-381. 32. ) Holloway A, Watson HE. Role of Self-Efficacy and Behavior Change. IJNP. 2002 ; ( 8 ) :106-115. 33. ) Marcus B, Selby V, Niaura R, Rossi J. Self-efficacy and the phases of exercising behaviour alteration. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport. 1992 ; 63 ( 1 ) :60-66. 34. ) U.S. Government Printing Office. Physical Activity. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action? collectionCode. Accessed September 26, 2012. 35. ) Turner RJ, Lloyd DA. The emphasis procedure and the societal distribution of depression. 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Free Essays on Bill George

William H. George Bio: Bill George speaks with the authority that comes from extraordinary business success. He built Medtronic- already a good company- into a great company whose stock returns outperformed the market by spectacular margins during his tenure as chairman and CEO. He helped grow the company from a market capitalization of $1.1 billion in 1989 to more than $60 billion. Quarterly returns rose steadily from 1993, peaking above 1000% in 2001. They have stayed above 750% since, defying the pressures that have degraded the value of so much of the market in the past couple of years and reflecting a legacy of strength that has continued at Medtronic since he retired as Chairman in 2002. Bill George’s message is that the key to success is authentic leadership. He describes how mission-driven and values-driven companies outperform those that are driven primarily by financial performance. Authentic leaders have a deep sense of purpose and are true to their core values. They are committed to building enduring organizations, they have the courage to build their companies to meet the needs of all their stakeholders, and they value service to society. Medtronic, the world’s leading medical technology company, is famous for its innovation and solid financial performance, and also for its commitment to integrity and community service. As a seasoned CEO, Bill George understands the pressures on CEOs to perform. He knows that leadership is a crucible in which character and values are tested to the utmost. He speaks from experience about the hard work that makes an authentic leader. George was selected as â€Å"Director of the Year – 2001-02† by the National Association of Corporate Directors, â€Å"Executive of the Year – 2001† by the Academy of Management, and â€Å"Legend in Leadership 2002† by Yale University. During the corporate governance crisis in 2002, George’s articles were published in Harvard Business R... Free Essays on Bill George Free Essays on Bill George William H. George Bio: Bill George speaks with the authority that comes from extraordinary business success. He built Medtronic- already a good company- into a great company whose stock returns outperformed the market by spectacular margins during his tenure as chairman and CEO. He helped grow the company from a market capitalization of $1.1 billion in 1989 to more than $60 billion. Quarterly returns rose steadily from 1993, peaking above 1000% in 2001. They have stayed above 750% since, defying the pressures that have degraded the value of so much of the market in the past couple of years and reflecting a legacy of strength that has continued at Medtronic since he retired as Chairman in 2002. Bill George’s message is that the key to success is authentic leadership. He describes how mission-driven and values-driven companies outperform those that are driven primarily by financial performance. Authentic leaders have a deep sense of purpose and are true to their core values. They are committed to building enduring organizations, they have the courage to build their companies to meet the needs of all their stakeholders, and they value service to society. Medtronic, the world’s leading medical technology company, is famous for its innovation and solid financial performance, and also for its commitment to integrity and community service. As a seasoned CEO, Bill George understands the pressures on CEOs to perform. He knows that leadership is a crucible in which character and values are tested to the utmost. He speaks from experience about the hard work that makes an authentic leader. George was selected as â€Å"Director of the Year – 2001-02† by the National Association of Corporate Directors, â€Å"Executive of the Year – 2001† by the Academy of Management, and â€Å"Legend in Leadership 2002† by Yale University. During the corporate governance crisis in 2002, George’s articles were published in Harvard Business R...

Essay on Definition of TerrorismEssay Writing Service

Essay on Definition of TerrorismEssay Writing Service Essay on Definition of Terrorism Essay on Definition of TerrorismThe term terrorism has become especially actual and meaningful in our society because of the terrorist acts which occur in different corners of the planet nowadays. So, its definition must be understandable and precise and clearly identify the kind of crime which falls under this definition for the appropriate reaction and punishment. In order to make my own definition, it is necessary to analyze the most famous and reliable ones.There are different definitions in different federal and international communities. However, let’s take definitions suggested by the influential American instances, such as the U.S. Department of State and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). FBI presents its definition of terrorism: its unlawful violence against people or property in order to force the government or separate individuals to fulfill terrorists’ requirements. According to the U.S. Code terrorism is a purposeful premeditated violence against u narmed people or targets usually committed by subnational groups in order to have political or other influence. Despite some not so much meaningful differences, both definitions state that terrorism presupposes the usage of force or the further political or social pressure.The U.S. Code goes further and divides the term terrorism into two notions: â€Å"domestic terrorism† and â€Å"international terrorism†. Both kinds of terrorism possess the following common characteristics: terrorism is aimed to 1) intimidate civilian people; 2) have influence on the government using force and intimidation; 3) commit terrorist actions, such as kidnapping, mass destruction and assassination in order to force the government to fulfill the requirements (What International Terrorism means, 2002). The only difference is that international terrorism occurs outside the U.S. territorial jurisdiction and domestic terrorism takes place within the territorial jurisdiction of the States.Analyzi ng all the information listed above I would suggest such a definition: terrorism is a deliberate usually armed act of violence committed against citizens or property in order to make them or the government accept terrorists’ requirements. Terrorist acts usually occur on the political, ethnical or religious ground. It was comparatively easy for me to make a definition of terrorism because there are so many reliable sources on this topic and this theme is of great interest for me.The War on Terrorism and Limitation on Human RightsIt goes without saying that fight against terrorism is one of the crucial tasks of the American government. Terrorism is a real threat today and protection of the national interests and American citizens is the full responsibility of the American government and law.   However, it is necessary to find a   Ã‚  balance between the war on terrorism and limitations on people’s rights and freedoms as a result of this war.As a reaction to the event s of September 11, 2001 there have been signed two acts – the USA Patriot Act and Homeland Security Act, which were intended to decrease the threat of terrorism.   However, these acts on the contrary threaten and limit civil rights of the American population. â€Å"The Patriot Act, overwhelmingly passed by Congress after September 11, 2001, alarms the American Civil Liberties Union, The Washington Post, the New York Times, government officials in 152 communities, and three states that have passed resolutions condemning this emergency measure† (Zirin, 2004). According to the Patriot Act, the government is allowed to collect business records, have an access to e-mail and Internet communications, use wiretaps, have secret searches and some other points which neglect rights and freedoms of every citizen proclaimed by the First, Fourth and Fifth Amendments to the Constitution – the highest legal law in America. The Homeland Security Act has been aimed to predict, p revent and get ready for terrorist act, however, in fact also limits people’s rights. Racial profiling and additional safety precautions are also among measures which have been taken in the frame of the War on Terrorism.In my opinion, the War on Terrorism is a necessity in the modern society but it is very important to be very careful in this question. Fighting against terrorism, suspecting every citizen and neglecting basic civil rights may cause people’s reaction which could be much more dangerous for the American society than even terrorist threat. So, the government should carry out a very wise policy considering this topic.The Threat of ISIS and the Governmental PolicyThe Islamic State terrorist Group, shortly called ISIS or ISIL is the organization which commits terroristic acts and its name is associated with violence, massacres, beheadings and violation of human rights. Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham which was officially proclaimed in April this year and cou nts several thousand people is the most fanatical and radical organization today. Earlier it was known as Jamaat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad or Al-Qaeda.The main threat of this group is not just in committing of terroristic acts but also in recruiting of new members in the Islamic world and stirring hatred, fomenting violence and developing misunderstanding on ethnic grounds. Non-human behavior, neglecting of human rights and freedoms, as well as bloody massacres is a threat to the entire humanity, not just the United States.Today not just the United States but also a lot of other countries, including Switzerland which usually stays neutral in all armed affairs, try to coordinate their forces and fight this threat together: â€Å"Speaking at a security conference in Berlin, EU Justice Commissioner Franco Frattini said the Euro-Mediterranean code of conduct could trigger a breakthrough in UN efforts to agree on a definition of terrorism and a code of conduct for governments worldwide (Anti- Terrorism Code Is Adopted, 2005). It goes without saying that methods used by the States and Europe are sometimes questionable but the main point is that such kind of organization cannot be left without control. Terroristic organization left on its own is the threat for the entire humanity and only active and strong position may be effective in this fight.

Latin Words and Expressions in English

Latin Words and Expressions in English Why Learn About Latin Words and Expressions in English?: Some excellent reasons you might want to know more about Latin words and expressions in English are: Youre studying for a vocabulary/admissions test.Youre a non-native English speaker puzzled by the vocabulary.Youre developing a character for a novel.You need a new word for a specific technical purpose.You are a stickler for language purity and dont want to create a hybrid word inadvertently. [See this polyamory t-shirt for more information.] The Latin Connection With English: Its confusing to hear that English doesnt come from Latin because there are so many Latin words and expressions in English, but vocabulary is not enough to make one language the daughter language of another. Romance languages, including French, Italian, and Spanish, come from Latin, an important sub-branch of the Italic branch of the Indo-European tree. The Romance languages are sometimes called daughter languages of Latin. English is a Germanic language, not a Romance or Italic language. The Germanic languages are on a different branch from the Italic. Just because our English language doesnt come from Latin doesnt mean all our words have a Germanic origin. Clearly, some words and expressions are Latin, like ad hoc. Others, e.g., habitat, circulate so freely that were not aware theyre Latin. Some came into English when Francophone Normans invaded Britain in 1066. Others, borrowed from Latin, have been modified. Latin TranslationA Biography of LatinThe Spread of LatinIndo-European Languages Latin Words in English: There are many Latin words in English. Some are more obvious than others because they are italicized. Others are used with nothing to set them apart as imported from Latin. You may not even be aware theyre Latin, like veto or etc. Latin Words in EnglishMore Latin Words in EnglishLatin Adjectives in EnglishLatin and Greek Geometry TermsLatin Religious Words in English Latin Words Incorporated in English Words: In addition to what we call borrowing (although there is no plan to return the borrowed words), Latin is used to form English words. Often English words contain a Latin word as a prefix. These Latin words are most often Latin prepositions. Many Latin words come into English with the preposition already attached to the verb. Sometimes the ending is changed to suit the needs of English; for instance, the verb may be converted to a noun. English Words With Latin PrepositionsGreek and Latin Prefixes and Suffixes For English WordsLatin Color WordsBorrowed Words Latin Sayings in English: Some of these sayings are familiar in translation; others in their original Latin (or Greek). Most of them are profound and worth remembering (in either the classical or modern language). Latin Sayings in EnglishAncient Proverbs in Pictures More - Words and Ideas: Words and Ideas, edited by William J. Dominik, contains word-building techniques for those who want to learn how to combine bits of Latin or Greek to form proper words in English or for those interested in the meaning of those word components. Latin Grammar in English: Since English doesnt come from Latin it follows that the internal structure or grammar of English is different from Latin. But English grammar as it is taught in classes on grammar is based on Latin grammar. As a result, some official rules make limited or no sense. One that is familiar, in its violation, from the Star Trek series, is the rule against a split infinitive. The Star Trek sentence contains the split infinitive to boldly go. Such a construction simply cant happen in Latin, but is obviously easy to do in English, and it works. See William Harris on how we wound up with the Latin grammar albatross.

English class assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

English class assignment - Essay Example For example is the commercial ad of Bud Light where it uses the punch line of â€Å"Whatever is coming, #UpForWhatever† (MrMayoFella). This kind of rhetorical device appeals to public because it is easy to understand and to remember. Also the use of product endorsers is a big plus to the commercial advertisement. The maker of this ad uses repetition wherein the words in the punch line are repeated in such a way that people will get it easily and will have more impact. Another Super bowl commercial ad that used rhetorical choices as its strategy to public viewers is the commercial ad of Doritos. It has a punch line of â€Å"Doritos For the Bold†. In its commercial ad, the boy was proposing to his girlfriend and placed the ring inside the Doritos. His girlfriend accidentally ate the ring (MrMayoFella). Analyzing the commercial ad, the rhetorical choice used was appeal to pride because of the punch line â€Å"For The Bold†. It’s like the advertisers are advising the public viewers that they should eat Doritos to gain boldness or pride. While the other commercial ads are modernized, the commercial of Audi used the rhetorical choice of appeal to history. The Audi commercial presented its past showing its credibility in car-making (MrMayoFella). Also the use of stating credentials can be said to be used in the Audi commercial ad because the credibility of the Audi was being stated in the commercial clearly. Also the M&M’s commercial ad used another rhetorical choice to appeal into the public viewers. The company showed an M&M chocolate singing â€Å"I’ll Do Anything For Love† while resisting to be cooked or eaten by people (MrMayoFella). This kind of rhetorical choice is satire. Analyzing the commercial ad, the advertisers made the public viewer laugh while inserting their point that you M&M chocolate are delicious combined with other foods. For the halftime show, the Super Bowl organizers invite famous singers to entertain the crowd. Then the

Significant Historical Event that Occurred Between 1945 and 2008 Essay

Significant Historical Event that Occurred Between 1945 and 2008 - Essay Example That the event continues to be memorable is also indicated in the work of Persbacher (2005). According to Persbacher (2005), the events of 9/11 are even in the consciousness of the religious who made the event as a point for personal and theological reflections. Five years after 9/11, Persbacher (2005, p. 96) noted that religious groups reflected on the event and expressed that â€Å"religious faith affects reactions to horrific events† and that â€Å"horrific events affect religious faith† as well. Some of the more important events immediately after 9/11 had been recorded by the Migration Policy Institute. On 17 September 2001, the Immigration and Naturalization Service increased from 24 to 48 hours the length of time a non-citizen can be detained without charges (Migration Policy Institute, 2003). On 19 September 2011, Attorney General John Ascroft presented to President George Bush the administration’s proposed anti-terrorist measures (Migration Policy Institu te, 2003). At least 480 persons were arrested by the end of September 2011 for various charges related to the 9/11 bombings and the figure increased to 1,000 around October (Migration Policy Institute, 2003). On 1 October 2011, President George W. ... 2). On 31 October 2001, US Attorney General Asroft recommended to the US Secretary of State 46 groups for inclusion in the list of â€Å"terrorist organizations† under the provisions of the US Patriot Act (Migration Policy Institute, 2003, p. 3). Indeed, from these alone, it is easy to conclude that 9/11 directly and significantly affected American lives. Along the way, we also discuss how 9/11 affected the lives of all people in the world today. Versions and Interpretation of 9/11 Tamney’s (2004, p. 599) documentation of the 9/11 are as follows. On 21 September 2001, men inspired by Islamic convictions â€Å"hijacked four passenger planes flying over the United States.† Tamney (2004, p. 599) continued that â€Å"three of the four planes were crashed into the Pentagon in Washington D.C. and the twin towers of the World Trade Organization in New York City.† According to Tamney (2004, p. 599), â€Å"at least three thousand people died as a result of these a ttacks.† Tamney (2004, p. 599) pointed out that soon after, Journalist Oriana Fallaci published The Rage and the Pride in which â€Å"she argued that the terrorist attacks expressed the essence of Islam, that most Muslims were happy about the attack, and that Muslims are out to destroy the West.† According to Tamney (2003), Fallaci’s book became a bestseller in Italy and France and was soon published in the United States in 2002. Many believe that the terrorist attack on 11 September 2011 was successful because the attack has been a surprised. However, Dahl (2008, p. 19) consider this as a conventional wisdom that must challenged: more often investigations showed that the â€Å"warnings have been available but were either misunderstood or ignored.† According to

THE ELECTRIC TOWN CAR COMPANY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

THE ELECTRIC TOWN CAR COMPANY - Essay Example The variable costs of the product amount to 2000 pounds. Based on these two figures the contribution margin of a sale of a car towards the fixed costs of the company is 3000 pounds. The total fixed costs of the company which includes overhead related to administration costs, marketing, research and development and other costs is 150 million pounds. The end result of the breakeven analysis illustrated in appendix A is the company must sell 50,000 car units per year for the revenues of the company to equal its expenses. The pricing point chosen by the company of 5000 pounds is between 4% and 16% lower than the competition. The ETC project requires a capital investment of 500 million pounds to be invested in buildings, machinery, office equipment, information technology system and other fixed assets. The investors interested in the project stipulated a minimum 15% return of investment (ROI). Appendix B provides a price sensitivity analysis that shows the annual demand of the ETC product depending on the price point of the car. The Electric Town Car Company had a requirement of a 15% return on investment. At the original price of 5000 pounds the company produces a profit of 54 million pounds, but the return on the original investment is 10.8%, which is below the 15% requirement. In order to achieve the desired ROI the company must lower its price from 5000 pounds to 4600 pounds. At the 4600 pound price with a unit output level of 85,000 units the company obtains a 16.92% return on investment. It is r ecommended that the company operate at the 90,000 units full capacity output selling its product at 4600 pounds. At this price and output the return of investment increases to 19.68%. All the figures depicted in this paragraph are illustrated in Appendix B. An initial requirement for the potential investors in the ETC project is to obtain a return on investment of 15%. This ROI based on an initial investment of requires the company to

Globalization of Nursing Practice Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Globalization of Nursing Practice - Article Example This is evidenced in Savitha’s case where she sought for treatment for unlicensed doctor, to a practitioner then to main hospital for two weeks. During this period, she spent $20 on transport and medical services and at the same time she lost $20 of her income as she did not work. Her poor health negatively impacted on her income (Jones & Barlett Learning). Savitha’s poor health decreased her own productivity. By being ill, it means that Savitha drew more attention to her sickness. This shows that most of the time and dedication she gave to her work was diverted towards addressing of her illness. This will in turn be reflected by being less productive in her work. From the case, it is evident that she lost two weeks away from work while seeking for treatment. She took this action because she felt that she was ill, thus unhealthy. The condition of being unhealthy and missing for work made her less productive. This case shows that, by being unhealthy, Savitha became less productive. The difference of the health of some cultures such as Savitha’s and the health of American culture can be explained in terms of health and equity and health expenditures and outcomes of these cultures. In the context of health and equity, Savitha’s culture is from a poor village in India, she seeks treatment treatments from unlicensed doctor because health systems do not respond to her needs with equity but as a poor person. From a poor village, she undergoes many expenses on seeking for health services that she later pays for herself. This shows that the expenses on medical services are based on one’s income. This is different from America, as expenses on medical services do not reflect one’s income. On the grounds of health expenditures and income, Savitha is from a low-income country that is spending low share of GDP on health issues. This means that the nation spends less amount of its income for medical services that have resulted to scar ce and distant health services especially in poor villages (Jones & Barlett Learning). Most of the countries expenditures on health on the bases of its share of national income are directly related to the status of health. The countries with low income spend less percentage of their national income on matters of health. This leads to low status of health such as low life expectancy. This is evidenced in the case of Ghana where their expenditures on health are low with a corresponding low life expectancy. The high-income countries spend a greater percentage of their national income on health which is reflected with better health. Germany is an example where its expenditures on health as a share of national income are high with increased and better health services. Hence, as the country expends more on health as a share of national income, there is an observed increase in health of its people (Jones & Barlett Learning). Expenditures from my country of origin comes from the government and other sources, hence the expenditure on health consists of public and private sectors. Considering that cost effecting analysis will not be effective if used solely in making choices among investments on health systems, I would incorporate equity. One of the reasons for equity consideration is that people are entitled to different income. Most likely, those under low income find it difficult to cater for their own medical expenses. Equity consideration

Characteristics of Juvenile offenders Research Paper

Characteristics of Juvenile offenders - Research Paper Example This age is subject to state laws whereby different countries or states have this age set between 17 to 18 years on general terms. However, in cases of serious crime e.g. murder or cases of sexual assault, the age bracket may assume a lower age limiting bar. The main aim of taking a juvenile in court is not to instill punishment on the offender but rather to establish measures that aim at rehabilitating them for them to go back to the society and be productive. The act offense in question is usually termed as delinquent rather than criminal (Aaron, 2000). In extreme cases some states have been forced to establish juvenile prison facilities due to the nature of the offense committed irrespective of the offender’s age. These young people can be identified by their various characteristics some of which are obvious while others are not. The major causes of the ever rising cases of juvenile offenders are their ever increasing habits of being rebellious, mass media and the high rate s of divorce. Juvenile offenders tend to exhibit antisocial behavior which is coupled with alienation. This is where the juvenile engages in behaviors that are not in line with social morals as well as standards. Most of these behaviors lead to bleach of peace in the family of the offenders as well as the community in which they live. Delinquents usually find themselves involved in drugs which increase their chances of committing offences to others in the society. Gun possession is another common indulgence they find themselves in. Many of these young people dwell in neighborhoods that are secluded and least patrolled by law enforcement authorities and for this reason they may at any time have an illegal fire arm. This consequently increases the level of insecurity in these areas (Balnave, et al. 2003). Such communities experience high murder and crime rates due to having

Globalization of Nursing Practice Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Globalization of Nursing Practice - Article Example This is evidenced in Savitha’s case where she sought for treatment for unlicensed doctor, to a practitioner then to main hospital for two weeks. During this period, she spent $20 on transport and medical services and at the same time she lost $20 of her income as she did not work. Her poor health negatively impacted on her income (Jones & Barlett Learning). Savitha’s poor health decreased her own productivity. By being ill, it means that Savitha drew more attention to her sickness. This shows that most of the time and dedication she gave to her work was diverted towards addressing of her illness. This will in turn be reflected by being less productive in her work. From the case, it is evident that she lost two weeks away from work while seeking for treatment. She took this action because she felt that she was ill, thus unhealthy. The condition of being unhealthy and missing for work made her less productive. This case shows that, by being unhealthy, Savitha became less productive. The difference of the health of some cultures such as Savitha’s and the health of American culture can be explained in terms of health and equity and health expenditures and outcomes of these cultures. In the context of health and equity, Savitha’s culture is from a poor village in India, she seeks treatment treatments from unlicensed doctor because health systems do not respond to her needs with equity but as a poor person. From a poor village, she undergoes many expenses on seeking for health services that she later pays for herself. This shows that the expenses on medical services are based on one’s income. This is different from America, as expenses on medical services do not reflect one’s income. On the grounds of health expenditures and income, Savitha is from a low-income country that is spending low share of GDP on health issues. This means that the nation spends less amount of its income for medical services that have resulted to scar ce and distant health services especially in poor villages (Jones & Barlett Learning). Most of the countries expenditures on health on the bases of its share of national income are directly related to the status of health. The countries with low income spend less percentage of their national income on matters of health. This leads to low status of health such as low life expectancy. This is evidenced in the case of Ghana where their expenditures on health are low with a corresponding low life expectancy. The high-income countries spend a greater percentage of their national income on health which is reflected with better health. Germany is an example where its expenditures on health as a share of national income are high with increased and better health services. Hence, as the country expends more on health as a share of national income, there is an observed increase in health of its people (Jones & Barlett Learning). Expenditures from my country of origin comes from the government and other sources, hence the expenditure on health consists of public and private sectors. Considering that cost effecting analysis will not be effective if used solely in making choices among investments on health systems, I would incorporate equity. One of the reasons for equity consideration is that people are entitled to different income. Most likely, those under low income find it difficult to cater for their own medical expenses. Equity consideration

Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Human Resource - Essay Example To attract top performance, design the aspects to include where to place the ad of the fallen job vacancy with appetizing job descriptions, design methodologies of referrals, with the help of IT department design an appealing career web page portal and make time line when to give the candidates calls. Schedule and organize interviews to evaluate competency, skills and creating opportunity. In creating effective referrals programmes as the HR manager should use both employee referrals programs and internship models as the recruitment process is an all year event. This will create unlimited referral program in which the employees will assist continually in identifying of the best strong candidates for the job for future and current opportunities. No maximum cap should be placed for referrals submission and to create an effective program, tagging of a referral should be done and in-case hired an incentive fees (LuisR.Gà ³mez-Mejà ­a, 2012). This is an essential component of strategy in the hotel organization in that it helps the management to evaluate if the set out performance meets the business objectives. Performance managements links the behaviour of each individual employee to that of the hotel and with definition of expectation from each of the employees. This will help the hotels to determine the expectations met and those are not meet and take necessary actions which includes training, incentives or even disciplining of individual employees. To achieve this strategic goal a measurements are applied to the hotel goals and the feedback is timely communicated to the employees in the respective departments and the line managers advised to take appropriate actions. The strategic administrative purpose of the system helps the hotel to make use of the information generated on daily basis to aid in decision making in salary, benefits, hiring and in training programs recognition. This mode of management helps in retaining the best

A History of Elizabethan Theatre Essay Example for Free

A History of Elizabethan Theatre Essay * Stage Shape and Configuration: The size of amphitheatre varied up to 100 feet in diameter. The stage shape was octagonal, circular in shape having between 8 and 24 sides. The open air arena, called the pit or the yard, had a raised stage at one end and was surrounded by three tiers of roofed galleries with balconies overlooking the back of the stage. The stage projected halfway into the pit. The Stage dimensions varied from 20 foot wide 15 foot deep to 45 feet to 30 feet. The height of the raised stage was 3 to 5 feet and supported by large pillars. The floor of the Stage was made of wood. The rear of the stage was a roofed house-like structure, supported by two large columns. * Scenery: Elizabethan stages were sparser in terms of decoration when compared to the equivalent in later eras, but items such as furniture, including pieces like tables and thrones, were used to embellish a scene. In some cases, more elaborate sets were used; these included grassy banks, gallows frames and caves * Costumes: The costumes used in Shakespeares theater companies were perhaps one of the most effective forms of props employed, allowing actors to reflect changes in character and even gender with relative ease. Many of these costumes captured the historical setting of specific Shakespearean plays; for example, togas and breastplates were worn in performances of Titus Andronicus. Make-up, along with female clothing was used to depict women characters, since Elizabethan laws forbade women to act on stage. * Lighting: There was natural lighting as plays were produced in the afternoon. However there was some artificial lighting mainly intended to provide atmosphere for night scenes. * Sound: Musicians were used for music. Music was an extra effect added in the 1600s. The musicians would also reside in the Lords rooms (best seats in the house). * Special Effects: Sometimes stage props served to recreate some special effect. Examples included fireworks, which were set off to replicate lightning in outdoor scenes, and actual pistols without the bullets which would be shot whenever military salutes or fighting needed to be shown. Even animals, such as dogs, were brought on stage in Shakespearean plays because creating a fake animal would have been more difficult. Trap doors would enable some special effects e.g. smoke. * Other Important Conventions:

The Psychological contract

The Psychological contract The psychological contract has been defined as the implicit relationship between an employee and their organization which outlines what each should expect to give and receive in the relationship (Gakovic Tetrick, 2003; pg 236). Rousseau (2000; pg 9) has defined psychological contract as the terms of an exchange agreement between individuals and their organizations. It can also be regarded as an individuals beliefs regarding the terms and conditions of a mutual exchange agreement between the person and the organisation (Saks, 2006; pg 613). Researchers have suggested that psychological contract can be shaped by personal/individual factors, past job experience and personality of employees. Saks (2006) suggests that early life experiences also shape an employee, influencing values about fairness, hard work and reciprocity. The study looks into the concept of psychological contract and determines the importance of this in the management context. It analyses the consequences of breaching the psychological contract and the effect it can have on the organisation. The purpose of this essay is to discuss whether managing the psychological contract is a core task. Discussion and Analysis The concept of psychological contract is led by the norm of reciprocity which implies that an individual, who provides benefits to another, obligates him or her to discharge these obligations by furnishing benefits in return (Wright et al., 2005; pg 409). It refers to employee expectations towards his job/organisation. Stemming from sociological and social exchange theories, the concept has recently extended to employee-employer relationships. In the psychological contract literature, employees exchange the treatment they receive from their employer by adjusting their perceived obligations and fulfilment to the employer (Ingham, 2006; pg 22). Similarly, employer perceptions of employee fulfilment of psychological contract have been shown to influence employer obligations and increase the likelihood of the fulfilment of these obligations (Lewis and Taylor 2001; Coyle-Shapiro 2001). Psychological contract is perceptual in nature and defined as a set of expectations held by the individual employee. There is a tendency to confuse psychological contract with other emotional attributes like job involvement and employee engagement (Rousseau, 2000; pg255). Psychological contract is different from organisation commitment or the feeling of desire, need or obligation to remain in an organisation. It also differs from job involvement. The feeling of fulfilment of expectations differentiates psychological contract from positive or negative evaluative judgments of the job, as in the job satisfaction construct, which is a result of fulfilment of psychological contract (May et al., 2004; pg 32). Over the years several researches have been carried on psychological contract and a consensus has developed within the research community that the psychological contract is an important determinant of employees behaviour and attitudes (Ashton Morton, 2005; pg 30). The concept of psychological contract provides a popular framework for advancing understanding of employees attitudes and behaviours in contemporary management research, mainly due to the much discussed changes in the employment relationship (Conway Briner, 2002). Employee engagement is closely linked to psychological contract and employees are cognitively engaged when they are aware of their mission and role in their work environment, have what they need at work and have opportunities to feel an impact and fulfilment in their work (Johnson J OLeary-Kelly, 2003). Employees are emotionally engaged when they perceive that they are part of something significant with co-workers whom they trust, form meaningful connection wit h and experience empathy and concern for, and also have chances to improve and develop. In an organizations psychological contract with a manager or the managers psychological contract with the organization, either side can have a major effect on the benefits derived from their mutual relationship. Additionally, either side can also affect the ability of an organization to attract and retain high quality managers. Management of psychological contract is important because modern organizations cannot succeed unless their employees agree to contribute to their mission and survival. In order todo so, workers and employers need to agree on the contributions that workers are expected to make to the firm, and vice versa. Understanding and effectively managing psychological contract can help firms thrive. Turnley et al., (2003) showed with his research that there has been a shift in workers psychological contract in the last few years, moving from a relational contract, based on trust to the company to a transactional relationship of limited duration, focused on economic exchange and limited worker involvement in the organization. This has largely been led by the rapid industrialisation of most economies. Macro Economic developments like technological changes, downsizing and restructuring and other social and labour market changes have forced individuals to change organizations many times throughout their career (Agee, 2000; pg 12). The changing organisational dynamics has meant that psychological contract is even more important proposition than it was some time ago. Vos et al. (2003; pg 419) suggest that a vital component of psychological contract theory is the concept of breach, defined as the cognition that ones organization has failed to meet one or more obligations within ones psychological contract in a manner commensurate with ones contributions. Researches done in the past have also shown that psychological contract and the breach of them can result in several consequences depending on the category of the employees. E.g. The most valuable employees, who possess the marketability to negotiate better deals in other companies, are those most likely to leave (Ashton Morton, 2005; pg 29). Study conducted by Chen Fang (2003; pg 2) argue that besides the general organization-employee psychological contract, there also exists a separate psychological contract between an organization and its managers. Several researches suggest that psychological contract breach is associated with increased intentions to leave the organization. Indeed, quitting ones job is one of the most frequent responses to a situation in which employees perceive that their employer has wilfully violated the deal (Rousseau 2004). Ingham (2006; pg 20) believes that the most defining character of social exchange in contrast to economic exchange is that it entails unspecific obligations. While there is a general expectation of return, the nature of the return is not stipulated in advance as in a strictly economic exchange. What makes matters difficult in order to manage psychological contracts is that there is no clear understanding of what the commitments are or how they can be fulfilled. When an employee believes that the organization has not kept its promises, then the employee perceives psychological contract breach which has a negative effect on a wide range of employee attitudes and behaviours, such as job satisfaction, organizational commitment, trust in the organization and employee motivation. All this can lead to lower productivity and result in the employee leaving the organisation. All this makes psychological contract a very important proposition to manage. Pate et al. (2003) indicate that the advent of the psychological contract is positively related to low job satisfaction and high turnover rates. Hui et al. (2004) further investigated and found that the psychological contract is positively related to employees exit and neglect and negatively related to employees loyalty. Employees are considered a source of competitive advantage and ways in which people work make a crucial difference between successful and unsuccessful firms. Psychological contract is recognised as a process for developing and retaining ability. Cassar (2001) suggests that if employee engagement affects financial outcomes and the bottom line, disengaged employees uncouple themselves from work, withdraw cognitively and emotionally, display incomplete role performance, put in less effort and become automatic and passive. This is a costly proposition for organisations and it is imperative for them to understand what employees primarily want. The psychological states of employees are key factors in determining their behaviour and responses at work. It is at least in part through the management of these psychological states that organisational effectiveness can be achieved. Management of psychological contract is an important management activity and it is important for both managers and organisation to believe in the concept of psychological contract at the beginning of the relationship. Employees with a history of psychological contract breach are more likely to view their psychological contracts in economic terms (Deery et al., 2006, pg 167). Previous research on psychological contract breach has also shown how breach perceptions reduce employees trust in the employer (Deery et al., 2006, pg 169). Contract breach perceptions undermine the social exchange basis of the relationship, eventually leading employees to watch over their investments and monitor closer the balance in the relationship (Turnley et al., 2003; pg 187). On the other hand, psychological contract fulfilment by the employer in turn presents a payback and provides value for the employee investments by bringing the exchange into a balanced state. What makes challenging for the management to manage the psychological contract is the fact that psychological contract lies in the eye of beholder. This means that even if the same deal (benefits, rewards) is offered to every employee, its psychological contract towards the organisation may vary. Also, psychological contract of employees evolves over a period of time as a result of experience and organisational policies. The recommendations for those trying to manage the psychological contract are to assess the implicit expectations from the employee at the interview stage. Also, at the same time, brief employees on the internal work environment and the organisation as much as possible. Some organisations make interviewees interact with employees so that the interviewee can informally discuss issues around working conditions, implicit rewards and expectations. The objective is to let the interviewee find out as much about the business and working conditions as possible. The roots of psychological contract formation lie in the recruitment process. During recruitment, employers should only make promises to their prospective employees, which the new employees expect them to uphold. In case an employer fails to do so, the employees may believe that their psychological contract has been violated. One of the ways of fostering psychological contract at the recruitment stage is the use of a realistic job pre view which tries to ensure that newcomers have accurate expectations about their new job and employer and thus avoid the experience of feeling short-changed thereafter. Managing of psychological contract can partly be done through training and development. Training is important in the make-up of psychological contract, not only in terms of employer expectations who consider the development of highly trained workers with firm specific skills a major factor for securing competitive advantage, but also because it acts as inducement for employees to maintain their commitment to the organisation (Lester Kickul, 2001; pg 10). The more employees perceive violation of organisational obligations with regard to providing skills and career development, the less satisfied they will be with their jobs. Conclusions The growing management interest in psychological contract can be attributed to the fact that the construct has the potential to predict employee outcomes, organisational success and financial performance (Pate et al., 2003; pg 558). Employee-employer relationships influence the economic as well as the behavioural outcomes of the organisation. Psychological contract is a multi-dimensional construct and unlike other constructs it is not only an affective but also a cognitive and physical state of involvement in ones job. It also focuses on the emerging issues in employment relationships. They are constructs that understand the concerns about employment relationships The review of literature suggests that psychological contract is extremely important for organisations to manage as it has an impact on job satisfaction, organisational commitment, intention to quit and organisational citizenship behaviour. What makes psychological contract more important is that as a construct, it has the potential to integrate a number of key organisational concepts. However, at the same time, its very difficult to manage something which is not clear. More so, because the psychological contact and the expectations might change in due course because of external and internal circumstances. The study concludes that it is important to manage the psychological contract and human resource practices significantly impacts employee development as well as assessment of psychological contract fulfilment. When employees are recruited, when they go through performance appraisals, when they evaluate their benefits packages or receive recognition for their efforts, they interpret the experience and the interpretation will influence how they react to it. The failure of a company to comply with its obligations (as perceived by an employee) can erode the employment relationship. References Agee J. (2000) Understanding psychological contract breach: An examination of its direct, indirect, and moderated effects. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, State University of New York at Albany. Argyris, C (1960) Understanding Organisational Behavior, The Dorsey Press: Homewood Ill. Ashton, C, and L Morton (2005) Managing Talent for Competitive Advantage, Strategic HR Review, Vol 4, No 5, pp 28- 31. Cassar V. (2001). Violating psychological contract amongst Maltese public service employees: Occurrence and relationships. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 16, 194- 208 Chen M, Fang M. (2003). The impact of psychological contract breach on employees work behavior: An example in high-tech industry. Fu Jen Management Review (in Chinese), 11, 1-32. Conway N, Briner RB. (2002). Full-time versus part-time employees: Understanding the links between work status, the psychological contract, and attitudes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 279-301. Coyle-Shapiro J, Conway N. (2005). Exchange relationships: Examining psychological contracts and perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 774-781. Deery S, Iverson R,Walsh J. (2006). Toward a better understanding of psychological contract breach:Astudy of customer service employees. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 166-175. Gakovic A, Tetrick LE. (2003b). Psychological contract breach as a source of strain for employees. Journal of Business Psychology, 18, 235-246. Hui C, Lee C, Rousseau DM. (2004). Psychological contract and organizational citizenship behavior in China: Investigating generalizability and instrumentality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 311-321. Ingham, J (2006) Closing the Talent Management Gap, Strategic HR Review, Vol 5, No 3, Mar-Apr, pp 20-23. Johnson J, OLeary-Kelly AM. (2003). The effects of psychological contract breach and organizational cynicism: Not all social exchange violations are created equal. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 627-647. Lester, S, and J Kickul (2001) Psychological Contracts in the 21st Century: What Employees Value Most and How Well Organisations are Responding to These Expectations, Human Resource Planning, Vol 24, No 1, pp 10-21. May, D, A Gilson and L Harter (2004) The Psychological Conditions of Meaningfulness, Safety and Availability and the Engagement of Human Spirit at Work, Journal of Occupation and Organisational Psychology, Vol 77, pp 11-37. Pate, J, G Martin, and J McGoldrock (2003) The Impact of Psychological Contract Violations on Employee Attitudes and Behaviours, Employee Relations, Vol 25, pp 557-573. Robinson, D, S Perryman, and S Hayday (2004) The Drivers of Employee Engagement, Institute for Employment Studies, Brighton. Rousseau DM. (2000). Psychological contracts in the United States: Diversity, individualism, and associability in the marketplace. In Rousseau DM, Schalk R (Eds.), Psychological contracts in employment: Cross-national perspectives (pp. 250-282). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Saks, A (2006) Antecedents and Consequences of Employee Engagement, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol 21, No 7, pp 600-618. Turnley, W H , M C Bolino, S W Lester, and J M Bloodgood (2003) The Impact of Psychological Contract Fulfilment on the Performance of In-Role and Organisational Citizenship Behaviour, Journal of Management, Vol 29, pp 187-206. Vos, A, D Buyens, and R Schalk (2003) Psychological Contract Development during Organisational Socialisation: Adaptation to Reality and the Role of Reciprocity, Journal of Organisational Behaviour, Vol 24, No 5, pp 537-559. Wright, P M, T M Gardner, L M Moynihan, and M R Allen (2005) The Relationship between HR Practices and Firm Performance: Examining Causal Order, Personnel Psychology, Vol 58, No 2, pp 409-38.